01 The Problem
A cement kiln is a steel cylinder 80 meters long and four meters wide, slowly rotating while burning fuel inside. The refractory brick lining the inside wears unevenly. When a brick spalls and falls off, the steel shell underneath gets exposed to direct flame and starts to deform. By the time the operator sees a glowing red patch on the outside, the kiln body is bent and the repair bill exceeds $50 million.
The Risk
Rotating kiln shells preclude permanent wired sensing.
Detection Gap
Anomalies (e.g., refractory-brick spalling) left undetected can deform the shell — a single major overhaul exceeds $50M.